Belarus’s anti-extremism and anti-terrorism laws have become key tools for institutionalised political and digital repression. Vaguely worded provisions and administrative blacklists allow authorities to label any form of dissent—such as a social media like or channel subscription—as “extremism” or “terrorism,” leading to prosecution without judicial oversight. This directly violates Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which guarantees freedom of expression, and Article 15, which prohibits the application of retroactive criminal law.
Investigations show that individuals are criminalised for online activities that were legal at the time, such as joining a Telegram channel later designated “extremist.” Reports also highlight arbitrary surveillance, phishing traps, denial of legal counsel, and warrantless access to devices.
The UN Human Rights Committee has emphasised that expression-related laws must be precise and proportionate. Belarus fails this test. This crackdown isolates citizens and dismantles digital civic space.
As Rights Defenders, we urge the Belarusian government to uphold international human rights obligations. We condemn any infringement on fundamental rights and express our unwavering support for those affected by these unlawful convictions. We call for international actors to urgently press for legal reforms, oversight of extremist listings, and protection of online freedoms.
Refrences:
https://www.article19.org/resources/belarus-extremism-report/
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/belarus
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/EUR4989662025ENGLISH.pdf
